Ethnicity and College Acceptance - 748 Words

This has become a hot topic, mainly involving the University of Texas at Austin. Several students have filed complaints over the years and even tried to sue this university for being rejected, they say it’s because of their race. But here’s the real question: â€Å"Should college be allowed to accept and reject people based on their race? Is it an unfair advantage or disadvantage? Or is it important to create a diverse learning environment?† (Fernandez) This question can be answered on an agreeing and disagreeing side. For many reasons. Colleges should have diversity. Diversity allows people to learn and understand other cultures, religions, and different backgrounds. It also makes for great conversation. For example, say you are teaching a room full of white people and you are learning about slavery, the holocaust, or Japanese Internment camps. All you know about these subjects are what the books and internet say. If you had a person in your class with family or ancestors that endured these times it makes for a better learning and understanding environment. â€Å"Two-thirds of Americans believe college applicants should be admitted solely based on merit, even if that results in few minorities being admitted, while 28% believe an applicants racial and ethnic background should be taken into account to promote diversity on college campuses†.(Jones) The question still stands: Speaking hypothetically, What happens if a college gets 50 applicants and 30 of them have outstanding meritsShow MoreRelatedAffirmative Action : Discrimination And Ethnicity Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pageshis essay, Sandel asks whether it is unjust to consider race and ethnicity as factors in university admissions. He expresses the argument that using race and ethnicity as factors are not effective in achieving the goals of affirmative action, and that other criteria such as economic class would help more students in need. I disagree with this argument and instead believe that it is just for race/ethnicity to be a factor in college admissions. One of the reasons affirmative action has been put intoRead MoreHigh Rigor Courses At Englewood High School941 Words   |  4 Pagespost-secondary education. Research has indicated that a rigorous high school curriculum is a strong predictor of college success and is positively related to standardized test scores, college enrollment rates, four-year graduation rates and negatively related to remediation rates. Additionally, students taking high rigor coursework receive several benefits in their postsecondary careers as college students including the ability to prove to universities that they have the ability to succeed in high rigorRead MoreAffirmative Action Is The Perfect Plan1173 Words   |  5 Pagesand/ or employment (Affirmative Action). In today’s age affirmative action is creating â€Å"reverse racism† due to colleges and universities wanting more diversity in their schools, setting white people at an unfair disadvantage. During the 1960’s, implementin g race-based affirmative action was the perfect plan, giving diverse people an equal opportunity towards being accepted into colleges and universities. While some might argue diversity cannot survive within the U.S university system without race-basedRead MorePerception Of Self, Discrimination, And Failure Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pagesthis identity does not allow for acceptance is specialized social groups. For students in college, particularly those who are a type of minority, it is important to be able to identify yourself with others, as to do so allows sharing of personal experiences with those who understand you in a space where many may not. This fear of being unable to identify with any one group causes many to distinguish themselves from others on the racial basis for the sake of acceptance into a specialized social groupRead MoreIndividual Identity Is Constructed By Many Things, Ranging1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthis identity does not allow for acceptance in specialized social groups. For students in college, particularly those who are a type of minority, it is important to be able to identify yourself with others, as to do so allows sharing of personal experiences with those who understand you in a space where many may not. This fear of being unable to identify with any one group causes many to distinguish themselves from others on the racial basis for the sake of acceptance into a specialized social groupRead MoreCampus Size And Its Impact On Student s Education853 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially those who are preparing for college, don’t fully understand the differences between and public and private university. They don’t realize that they are quite some similarities between the two, but also have different characteristics that distinguish them apart. Public universities, like ASU, are known for having a higher acceptance rate, but could not always be good since they’re not precise on what students they accept. Private uni versity Lake Forest College, who has higher academic requirementsRead MoreComparing The American Academy Of Dramatic Arts And The University Of California1183 Words   |  5 Pages There are a lot of colleges and academies in the United States, but just a few have good rankings. These schools with good rankings have to have good teachers, good, students, and a good variety of courses. The American Academy of Dramatic Arts and The University of California (L.A.) are 2 good colleges to study dramatic arts, and film in the United States. Both schools have similarities and differences. Here I am going to be comparing both colleges, and later I will choose which is the best. Read MoreCultural Diversity1212 Words   |  5 Pagesdiversity that I was previously unaware of. Granted, I have always had at least a tolerance towards other cultures and ethnicities that were different from my own, but this class has helped me to learn more about those cultures and taught me to have more of an acceptance for those cultures rather than just tolerating them. I have also learned that all cultures, races, and ethnicities should have the chance to be understood and accepted for who they are, rather than what the media portrays them as. SoRead MoreDiversity in Higher Education1432 Words   |  6 Pagesinclusiveness - ethnic variety, as well as socioeconomic and gender variety, in a group, society, or institution† (Soukhanov, 1999). As important as diversity is tolerance. Encarta World English Dictionary defines tolerance as, â€Å"acceptance of different views - the acceptance of the differing views of other people, e.g. in religious or political matters, and f airness toward the people who hold these different views† (Soukhanov, 1999). The following is a definition of diversity in higher education, descriptionRead MoreStructural Diversity Within A Community859 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent purposes for European Americans as it does to African Americans, Asian Americans or Latin Americans. In Bowman’s (2012) study of structural diversity in college, results concluded that structural diversity, in an equally diverse institution, positively influenced the European American group of students at that particular college. This means that European Americans from this diverse school seem to form interracial friendships or relationships as a result of structural diversity. Furthermore

Achievement of Self-Expression Through Concealment in...

How does the dramatic monologue achieve self expression through concealment? Discuss with reference to any three Browning poems. When discussing the poetic form of dramatic monologue it is rare that it is not associated with and its usage attributed to the poet Robert Browning. Robert Browning has been considered the master of the dramatic monologue. Although some critics are sceptical of his invention of the form, for dramatic monologue is evidenced in poetry preceding Browning, it is believed that his extensive and varied use of the dramatic monologue has significantly contributed to the form and has had an enormous impact on modern poetry. The dramatic monologues of Robert Browning represent the most significant use of the form in†¦show more content†¦In the process it casts doubts on what the Duke is saying. Instead what is revealed is the structure of domination that underlies his speech. The reader becomes the ‘eavesdropper’ who happens to overhear what the Duke is saying, but whose confidence is vital for the poet. Thus, the dramatic monologue, as created by Browning demands not on ly ‘gaze’ at the duke, but also ‘introspection’. Throughout the poem, Fra Lippo Lippi, Browning seems to be engaging in a dialogue with the Church regarding celibacy—both in the artistic and sexual sense. The main theme concerns art, the strict sense in which the church views artistic pursuits and products is similar to the way it requires priests to live celibate lives. While the church’s main argument is that art should be presented as something â€Å"higher† than the base representation of the human form, this denies the essential humanity of the subject, God’s people. Along these same lines, the way the church frowns upon sexual, lustful activity on the part of its clergy by demanding celibacy is exactly the same request as for the artist. Both demands of the church, artistic and sexual are idealized conceptions of how humans should be represented and both, according to the narrator of the poem, are entirely unrealistic and misguided. The whole of the poem is a criticism on mandatory celibacy, which is told through the metaphor of art. Art

Economics and Comparative Advantage free essay sample

Assume that Greece has a comparative advantage in fish and Germany has a comparative advantage in cars. Also assume that Germany has an absolute advantage in both fish and cars. If these two countries specialize and trade so as to maximize the benefits of specialization and trade, then |a. |the two countries’ combined output of both goods will be higher than it would be in the absence of trade. | |b. |Greece will produce more fish than it would produce in the absence of trade. |c. |Germany will produce more cars than it would produce in the absence of trade. | |d. |All of the above are correct. Refer to Figure 3-4. If Perry and Jordan both spend all of their time writing poems, then total production is |a. |3 poems. | |b. |6 poems. | |c. |12 poems. | |d. |24 poems. | Figure 3-7 |Bintu’s Production Possibilities Frontier |Juba’s Production Possibilities Frontier | [pic][pic] ____6. Refer to Figure 3-7. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics and Comparative Advantage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bintu has a comparative advantage in the production of |a. |bowls and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of cups. | |b. |cups and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of bowls. | |c. both goods and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of neither good. | |d. |neither good and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of both goods. | ____7. If the Japanese steel industry subsidizes the steel that it sells to the United States, the |a. |United States should protect its domestic steel industry from this unfair competition. | |b. |harm done to U. S. steel producers from this unfair competition exceeds the gain to U. S. consumers of cheap Japanese | | |steel. | |c. |harm done to U. S. steel producers is less than the benefit that accrues to U.S. consumers of steel. United States should subsidize the products it sells to Japan. | ____8. You and your friend work together for 4 hours to produce a total of 12 futons. What is productivity? |a. |12 futons | |b. |24 futons | |c. |3 futons per hour of labor | |d. |1. 5 futons per hour of labor | ___9. Suppose that there are diminishing returns to capital. Suppose also that two countries are the same except one has more capital per worker and so it has more real GDP per worker than the other. Finally, suppose that the saving rate in both countries increases from 4 percent to 7 percent. Over the next ten years we would expect that |a. |the growth rate will not change in either country. | |b. |the country that started with less capital per worker will grow faster. | |c. |the country that started with more capital per worker will grow faster. | |d. both countries will grow and at the same rate. | ____10. Which of the following is correct? |a. |If developing countries limit career and educational opportunit ies for women, birth rates are likely to be lower. | |b. |Growth rates in developed and developing countries are nearly the same. | |c. |Historically, in periods where the rate of population growth was high, so was the rate of growth in world real GDP per | | |person. | |d. |None of the above is correct. | ____11. Senator Noitall says that in order to help poor countries develop, the United States should: 1. Prevent U. S. corporations from investing in poor countries because they take profits that the poor countries should have; 2. Not import goods from poor countries that use child labor; 3. Work to promote political stability in poor countries; and 4. Reduce poor countries’ reliance on market forces in their economies. How many of these ideas are likely to help poor countries grow? |a. |1 | |b. |2 | |c. 3 | |d. |4 | ____12. Country A and country B are the same except country A currently has a lower level of capital. Assuming diminishing returns, if both countries increase their capital by 100 units and other factors that determine output are unchanged, then |a. |output in country A increases by more than in country B. | |b. |output in country A increases by the same amount as in country B. | |c. output in country A increases by less than in country B. | |d. |None of the above is necessarily correct.

Bid Taxi for Business Administration and Management- myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Write a well presented report for the above outlining the business operation to the Ministry of Public Transportation. Provide any three recommendations that are well substantiated with journal literature and referenced correctly to support this service. (You may use the reasons/justifications above or use your own - that support this service). 2.Provide any two suggestions for improving business service/operation offerings substantiated with current literature. These two items have not been mentioned above. An example could be driver training. Answers: 1. Here is a report about Bid Taxi Taxi change and value issues In spite of the fact that passage confinements are regularly advocated on value grounds, there is no proof that drivers charge better in limited markets. Again, higher costs and lower accessibility irregularly influence low salary buyers of bid taxi administrations. Change of the bid taxi business has regularly been contradicted because it is probably going to diminish the salaries of drivers, which are often low where they are not themselves proprietors of bid taxicab licenses (Wen, 2017). Specifically, the industry supposedly suffers recurrent decrease, while the quantity of accessible cab drivers tends to ascend in monetarily less great circumstances. Nonetheless, there is no proof to propose that cab driver livelihoods are higher in business sectors with prohibitive passage conditions. Or maybe, the monopoly leases that accumulate because of these limitations give off an impression of being appropriated exclusively by permit proprietors. For instance, Melbourne has taxi licenses esteemed at nearly A$600,000, and driver livelihoods evaluated at A$8 - 10 every hour (Graells, 2017). In this way, passage limitations have all the earmarks of being inadequate methods for defending driver salaries (Chen, 2018). All the more imperatively, rivalry strategy does not, for the most part, acknowledge the suggestion that section to an industry ought to be obliged with a specific end goal to ensure the pay position of occupants, while there is no critical reason for belligerence that the taxi business constitutes an uncommon case in such manner. By differentiating, confining passage to the taxi business causes outstanding value issues: low salary bunches are lopsidedly clients of taxi administrations. The effects of passage limitations in expanding cost and lessening accessibility is in this way very backward in its purchaser affect poor buyers are harmed more by section confinements than rich ones. Recent changes to taxi direction Expanding quantities of OECD nations have evacuated supply confinements on Bid taxis. The outcomes of these changes have been unequivocally positive, with decreased holding up times, extended customer fulfillment and, by and large, falling costs being watched. Emulating the undeniably far-reaching acknowledgment of the misfortunes to monetary welfare and purchasers comes about because of confinements on the supply of cabs, a few OECD nations have attempted significant changes to taxi control which include the expulsion or generous decrease in the degree of passage limitations (Chen, 2018). These nations incorporate New Zealand, Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Where taxi supply has already been vigorously confined, and these limitations were expelled, significant increments in taxi supply have been experienced. All in all, the degree of a section of the business has overwhelmed the levels anticipated preceding deregulation where endeavor to gauge real request were made. Also, these higher taxi numbers have by and large been supported in the medium term (Deng, 2015). Post-change confirms for the most part shows firmly positive outcomes estimated against scope of criteria (Speta, 2016). Generously expanded taxi numbers mean client holding up times tend to fall significantly, while consumer loyalty levels have additionally considerably progressed. Value levels have regularly dropped after the change; however, this has not been the situation. Now and again, static or expanding costs, post-change, may reflect directed values being set misleadingly low in the pre-change condition. Also, if charges are not addressed there is a high probability, even under open passage conditions, that makers will have the capacity to practice a level of imposing business model, evaluating power because of market blemishes existing, in the rank and hail markets. Some value direction should, along these lines, be kept up even where changes have prompted an open section administrative condition. It may appear as most extreme value control or may constitute lighter-gave ty pes of direction. Value control courses of action may likewise separate between the rank and hail markets and the pre-booked market, given buyers' more grounded relative position in the last mentioned. Choosing among change systems In insufficient taxi markets, prompt execution of an open passage arrangement is probably going to be politically testing. In any case, embracing arranged methodologies defers the accomplishment of change advantages and stances significant down to earth chances that change will be slowed down or switched. Prompt changes have been efficiently finished in some exceedingly confined markets. Where substantial supply limitations have prompted vast syndication rents collecting, there will unavoidably be substantial resistance to change recommendations from occupant permit holders. Hostage administrative bodies are also far-fetched to go about as promoters of significant change (Leng, 2015). Adding to the political trouble of change is the measure of the bonus misfortunes that officeholder permit proprietors would bear in case of a quick move to an open-section administrative framework. Contentions are regularly made that permit proprietors ought to be made up for a lost permit an incentive in case of changes being authorized. There is little legitimacy to the contention that permits holders ought to be repaid by the citizen for the loss of their entitlement to keep on extracting restraining infrastructure rents (La, 2017). Notwithstanding, hardship based claims for making a few installments to officeholder permit holders in case of real change are probably going to demonstrate all the more extensively adequate. And now and then proposed elective is to embrace an organized way to deal with change. Arranged change is usually upheld as methods for decreasing maker restriction by spreading and lessening the regular misfortunes to be borne by occupants. It may be additionally advanced at times as an all the more "efficient" way to deal with change which will maintain a strategic distance from or limit real here and now showcase interruptions, "overshooting" on the supply side and other, and conceivably huge, transitional expenses. A few models of organized change can be recognized. One approach includes issuing extra licenses to every officeholder. This tends to limit their misfortunes by guaranteeing that the rest of the imposing business model rents keep on accruing completely to this gathering. This model can help make more quick increments in numbers practical. On the other hand, new licenses can be issued for sale or ticket (Bhatnagar 2018). Now and again, these tallies are available to all, while in different cases inclination is given to representative cab drivers and additionally different gatherings. While arranged change is viewed as a method for making a difference all the more politically possible there is much uncertainty. With regards to the viability of this approach: makers are probably going to campaign similarly unequivocally against organized change while keeping campaigning is probably going to prompt the ending or inversion of arranged change programs before their culmination. Methods for limiting this hazard incorporate reporting the points of interest of the long haul change program ahead of time, administering the subtle elements of the changes and giving control of future permit issue to a free, multi-sectorial financial controller. When "open passage" industry isn't unequivocally settled as the endpoint of change, it is likely that supply will stay limited. Quantity versus quality direction Evacuating section limitations does not infer expelling quality based direction. Without a doubt, strong control is a precondition for completely accomplishing the potential advantages of embracing an open passage arrangement (Guo, 2017). That said staying administrative plans must not unduly hinder the advancement of inventive administration offers and industry models. Financial control (grasping amount and value limitations) and quality direction ought to be unmistakably recognized. While significant monetary and shopper advantages can be gotten from a change of financial course, there is a substantial case for keeping up successful quality control in the taxi business. Quality direction grasps typically a scope of vehicle and driver gauges which try to guarantee traveler welfare and least administration measures. A few challenges of an open section to the taxi advertise to try to contend that passage confinements are basic if benefit quality principles are met. Nonetheless, there is minimal hypothetical or exact help for this suggestion. Then again, inability to guarantee that quality control is kept up and, where required, upgraded can altogether trade off the advantages of change and its acknowledgment by buyers and the general population (Velde, 2015). Quality direction must the be composed deliberately to guarantee that it doesn't keep the advancement of inventive administrations and market structures that drive a significant number of the advantages of change. For instance, vehicle norms ought not to be set in ways that would unduly confine the arrangement of low cost or low-quality administrations that might be sought after. Proposals Bid Taxi can do to enhance their administrations are; Provide straightforwardness on the design used to set flow evaluating. Provide data on area of riders gradually. Complete a Netflix-style rivalry on finding the ideal market-clearing model (Billhardt, 2017). Let you put in for booking days ahead of period, and allow drivers decide to acquire a registration. One has a value to ensure; Bid Taxi has profitable flag before requesting. Moreover, the motorist receives reliability (Zeng, 2014). Make the surge valuing a genuine live sale. Give the rider a chance to state the amount they will pay, and Bid Taxi gives a gauge of the amount of a hold up that will provide them with, as indicated by what number of higher-paying riders is in front of them. Give the cyclist a decision sit tight for an easy auto, with an anticipated lining time. Or on the other hand, offer a surging cost to hop the line. At that point, it is a genuine sale with straightforwardness. You could even provide the typical price if anybody's available off-crest to run a retiree to the medication store for 30 percent off (Pueboobpaphan, 2018). 2. As reported by the Minister for Transport, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) will acquaint measures with enhancing taxi accessibility to serve workers better. This audit was started with the National Taxi Association (NTA) and the taxi administrators since May 2012 to guarantee that taxicabs better satisfy their open transport part, as an end-result of the concessions concurred to them. For example, bring down street charges, and the utilization of Category (CAT) A Certificates of Entitlement (COEs). Taxicabs have also been taking up a more significant extent of CAT a COEs as of late. Given these concessions, it is vital that cabs are used better and made more accessible on the streets to serve suburbanites, particularly amid top periods. There is tenacious criticism about cabs not being accessible. New Taxi Availability Standards to be implemented Pushing ahead, LTA expects to require taxi administrators to meet new taxi accessibility (TA) principles. In the long run, we plan likewise to connect taxi administrators getting COEs to extend their armada, to their gathering taxi accessibility norms (Lovri?, 2016). To permit the taxi business time to conform to this new prerequisite, LTA will give a transitional period, amid which taxi administrators will be permitted to get COEs to develop their armadas generally by the reported taxi ridership development, however without being liable to the taxi accessibility principles (Rwelamila, 2016). Taxi-related COE Changes When moving towards a lower vehicle development rate, LTA will likewise roll out improvements to how taxis get their COEs, contemplating late COE patterns and criticism from both people in general and the engine business about the impact that taxi administrators may have on COE costs. First, taxicabs will be removed from the COE offering process. This is independent of whether the new cabs are planned to supplant deregistered taxis or to add to the current armadas. Second, the COEs applied for taxi armada extension will be removed from the Open Category (CAT E) (Kottapalli, 2017), which can be utilized to enlist vehicles in any COE classification. This is more intelligent of the part of taxicabs in our open transport framework, and it is more evenhanded to utilize CAT E amounts that are contributed by all vehicle composes, as opposed to drawing exclusively from CAT A quantities (Graells, 2017). This additionally mirrors the present circumstance in which taxi organizations enlist an a ssortment of cars as taxicabs, including both CAT A and CAT B models and also some minibus models. LTA is in discourse with the taxi administrators on the proposed taxi accessibility guidelines and COE related changes. LTA finishes the points of interest and gives data on the COE associated changes, before the beginning of the following COE offering cycle. It will provide subtle elements on the taxi accessibility models. References Bhatnagar, H., BHATNAGAR, S., Parikh, M., Amazeen, E., Romanoff, D., Kumar, V., ... Li, H. (2018). U.S. Patent Application No. 15/680,173. Billhardt, H., Fernandez, A., Lujak, M., Ossowski, S., Julian, V., De Paz, J. F., Hernandez, J. Z. (2017). Coordinating open fleets. A taxi assignment example. AI Communications, 30(1), 37-52. Chen, Z., Cui, W., Li, X. (2018). Research on Decision-making of Urban Taxi Management Organization. Business Administration and Management, 1(1). Deng, B., Denman, S., Zachariadis, V., Jin, Y. (2015). Estimating traffic delays and network speeds from low-frequency GPS taxis traces for urban transport modelling. European Journal of Transport Infrastructure Research, 15(4). Guo, B., Chen, H., Yu, Z., Nan, W., Xie, X., Zhang, D., Zhou, X. (2017). Taskme: Toward a dynamic and quality-enhanced incentive mechanism for mobile crowd sensing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 102, 14-26. Kottapalli, A. G. P., Shen, Z., Asadnia, M., Tian, S., Tao, K., Miao, J., Triantafyllou, M. S. (2017, January). Polymer MEMS sensor for flow monitoring in biomedical device applications. In Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on (pp. 632-635). IEEE. La, Q. N., Van Duong, D., Lee, A. H. (2017). Incidence of, and factors associated with taxi crashes and hospitalisation in Hanoi, Vietnam: Findings from prospective cohort study. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 3(9). Leng, B., Du, H., Wang, J., Li, L., Xiong, Z. (2016). Analysis of taxi drivers' behaviors within a battle between two taxi apps. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17(1), 296-300. Lovri?, M., Raveau, S., Adnan, M., Pereira, F. C., Basak, K., Loganathan, H., Ben-Akiva, M. (2016). Evaluating off-peak pricing strategies in public transportation with an activity-based approach. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2544), 10-19. Pueboobpaphan, S., Indra-Payoong, N., Pueboobpaphan, R. (2018). Information Effect in Taxi Service Double Auction with Opportunity Cost: An Experimental Analysis. Engineering Journal (Eng. J.), 22(1), 77-91. Rwelamila, P. D. (2016). 16 De-marginalisation of the public in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. New Forms of Procurement: PPP and Relational Contracting in the 21st Century, 297. Sanchez-Graells, A. (2017). Ski Taxi: Joint Bidding in Procurement as Price-Fixing?. Journal of European Competition Law Practice, 1-3. Speta, J. B. (2016). Southwest Airlines, MCI, and Now Uber: Lessons for Managing Competitive Entry into Taxi Markets. Transp. LJ, 43, 101. van de Velde, D. (2015). 16 Local and regional public transport. Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Transport Economics and Policy, 345. Wen, J., Zou, M., Ma, Y., Luo, H. (2017). Evaluating the Influence of Taxi Subsidy Programs on Mitigating Difficulty Getting a Taxi in Basis of Taxi Empty-loaded Rate. International Journal of Statistics and Probability, 6(2), 9. Zeng, C., Oren, N. (2014, August). Dynamic taxi pricing. In Proceedings of the Twenty-first European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1135-1136). IOS Press.

Native Land Claim in Canada

Table of Contents Introduction Historical basis of land claim in Canada Proposed solutions Nature of conflict Application of post colonial concepts Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Land is an essential part of life among all indigenous people (Simons et al., 77). It encompasses the entire use of territory including forests, rivers, mountains, water bodies among other natural resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Land Claim in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unique relationship that exists between the indigenous people and the land often makes their rights to land vital for their survival, cultural values and identity (Simons et al., 77). Consequently, colonization of indigenous territories affected the aboriginal people with most of the colonizers gaining ownership of their land which rendered them landless forcing them to lead nomadic lifestyles. The late 1960s marked the beginning of the modern era of law and policy pertaining to aboriginal rights and titles in Canada. In 1969, the white paper addressing Indian Policy was published (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). This paper proposed the repeal of Indian act and the demolishing of department of Indian affairs. The white paper further outlined that any unique rights possessed by aboriginal people had been submerged in the flow of history hence making such rights irrelevant. The white paper propositions were out rightly rejected by the native Indians, Inuit and Metis and this led to the suspension of the white paper implementation two years later. Following the resistance of the natives to the new regulations, the government of Canada embarked on vigorous reconsideration of the legal, political, and cultural aspects that governed the lives of Indians, Inuit and Metis. This significantly contributed to the definition and protection of the rights of aboriginal people in Canada. The country took various positive steps towards achievement of greater native control of policies and resources. Currently, land claims are adequately dealt with where the rights of the aboriginals are upheld (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). The process for land claims in Canada is relatively slow with hundreds of claims still pending. Negotiations often incorporate provincial and territorial governments and other third parties who aim at resolving the conflict arising between the two social groups. Negotiation process is formally based on legal concepts with issues of contention ranging from land titles to aboriginal rights.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process aims at promoting social and economic equality in the modern Canada in addition to solving the social conflict of resources. The settlement often takes the form of cash compensation, return of ancestral lands or rights to self governments (Canadian Encyclopaed ia 1). Historical basis of land claim in Canada Under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, an unspecified track of land currently referred to as Canada was allocated for use to the aboriginal people- Indians, Inuit and Metis. The proclamation forbade unauthorized purchase and possession of the same land by non native settlers and foreigners (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). However, immigration by other people into the region led to establishment of treaties with some of the Indigenous people which legitimized settlement and ownership of the land by immigrants and colonizers. The countries gradual occupation by foreigners has continued for over four centuries making the indigenous occupants of the land to be the minority groups in the country. This has led to marginalization of the aboriginal people which has posed a threat to their culture as well as their existence. Possession of land by foreigners was facilitated by native people voluntarily giving up their rights of possession to immigrant s, native’s loss of control of the reserve lands, and lack of request for allocation of the reserves by the natives (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). The native people, most of who lead nomadic lifestyles have found themselves isolated to reserve regions with minimum access to resources that the foreigners enjoy. This has negatively impacted on the natives’ perception of themselves with the experience of being overrun by industrial growth, cities, and agriculture being substantially overwhelming. This has particularly impacted on those Mà ©tis, Indians, and Inuit who never signed the accords. Displaced and marginalized natives have increased their resistance against these forces which has led to the need for reforms in the country’s resource allocation strategies and the need to resolve the land claims. In response to the resulting marginalization, the native people sought to maintain their identity through aboriginal rights and native claims movements. These movemen ts became prominent in the 60s due to various reasons. The movements were highly influenced by increasing world wide concerns regarding the rights of minority groups across the world as well as environmental concerns (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). Concerns also arose among the native people regarding the imposed education system which threatened to erode the native language and culture and served to alienate young native people. The system further influenced the perception of the natives on white man’s political and legal regime by justifying it. These concerns led to the native resistance movements in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Land Claim in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed solutions As early as 1876, the Canadian federal government established the Indian Act which created the department for of native affairs whose main aim was to ensure that the obligations signed in the treaty were adhered to (Planeswalker 1). The formulation of the White paper in 1968 which was aimed at getting rid of the Indian Act and other land treaties was thus met with a lot of criticisms with the aboriginal people responding in 1970 through the Red Paper (Planeswalker 1). This conflict led to increased need for the government to respond to the needs of aboriginal people. Due to constant opposition by the aboriginal people to any government strategies aimed at promoting the rights and freedom of the settlers, a provision was created which entrenched treaty rights to in the Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms (Planeswalker 1). Consequently, numerous land claims continue to be filed particularly in British Columbia as well as the North West Territories. Most recently, the country has taken positive steps towards greater native control of policies and resources evidenced by the establishment of Statement of Claims of Indian and Inuit people in 1973 and the office of the Nat ive claims in 1974 where tribal claims are dealt with (Waldman 259). In the early 1970s, the Canadian federal government sought to elevate the social status of native Canadians through formulation of a new policy that aimed at settling the native land claims and promoting their livelihood (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). This policy outlined the Canadian government’s commitment to the fulfilment of the terms of the treaties and to negotiate settlements with native groups. Implementation of the policy required a lot of cooperation between federal, provincial and territorial governments and the native leaders. In 1974, Canadian government established the office of Native Claims which under the leadership of deputy minister, lawyers and researchers dealt with both comprehensive and specific land claims brought forward by the natives (Waldman 259). Specific claims dealt with troubles and complications arising from the running of the Indian accord, Indian finances among others. The aut horities sought to reach a settlement through active negotiation, administrative remedy, or court action which often led to land compensation.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, comprehensive claims aimed at resolving the conflict emanating from the traditional use and occupancy of land by the three aboriginal groups’ members who failed to sign the treaties but had continued to occupy the land for years. These claims were compensated in monetary terms, return of land, provision of specific rights and some form of local government. These solutions promoted wealth redistribution and promotion of equality among the two social groups. Nature of conflict The conflict arising from native land claim is a representation of social conflict emanating from unequal distribution of resources. Land acquisition by foreigners provides an opportunity for foreigners to enrich themselves while denying the native people a chance to utilize land resources for the advancement of their own socio economic goals. This serves to heighten the social gap between the native and foreigners which often results in a feeling of oppression among the native people. As proposed by Karl Marx, the most dominant conflict in society results from unequal distribution of material resources with those in power using these resources to exploit the poor. The decentralized nature of the Canadian government further serves to complicate the conflict resolution process due to the presence of complex bureaucratic procedures in settlement processes. The negotiation process has been continuing for a period of over two decades with the system having to adjust to national and international changes in communications, economy, value systems and politics. The economically unstable and politically volatile environment serves to further intensify the tension between the natives and foreigners. The dynamic nature of society has considerably slowed down the land claim process and numerous unresolved land claims remain pending. Application of post colonial concepts Colonialism brought with it the marginalization of ethnic people which led to resistance against this domi nation through many forms of active and passive resistance (Young 4). Resistance movements led to the winning of independence from colonial rule and balance of power in most regions. Independence further led to shifts towards formal empires which in turn required additional labour which was fulfilled through immigration. Immigration led to a blurred division between West and the rest of the ethnic groups but the power within these regions remained fully oriented towards self governance. The experience of land dispossession and landlessness was facilitated by the settler colonialism and it is historically the most difficult form conflict to resolve in most regions (Young 49). The struggle for native title has been a major concern especially for native settlers in Canada which has resulted in vigorous movements and campaigns for basic land rights embodied in the original declaration. The fight for land repossession is therefore a post colonial struggle which deals with the aftermath o f one of the most controversial yet a key feature of colonial power. Varying techniques been used in attempt to resolve the ongoing conflict in the post colonial period some of which are outlined below. Post colonialism entails the notion that nationalities of the three non western continents are often in a situation for subordination to Europe and North America hence promoting economic inequality (Young 4). It consists of the reactions, extensive analysis and the cultural context of colonialism and incorporates theories borrowed from philosophy, political science, sociology, and religion among other areas of studies. The native people in Canada lost ownership of land due to their nomadic lifestyles which led to the declaration of that land as ‘empty’ by the Europeans. Scholars have argued that the idea of nomadism can be extended to include all forms of cultural and political activity that transgress the boundaries of contemporary social codes (Young 53). This can be e xplained by the fact that nomads move across territories consequently operating as lateral resistance across borders in an attempt to defy the hegemonic control. Hence, the indigenous settlers of Canada may use nomadism strategy to secure the native lands. Some scholars have suggested that the process of land confiscation and appropriation from those who formally owned it can only be achieved through the concepts of territorialization, deterritorialization or reterritorialization (Young 52). Deterritorialization may take the form of three distinct typologies which include negative deterritorialization; the element of deterritorialization is subjected to some form of retteritorialization which in turn obstructs the line of flight (Swearingen 161) In the second type, deterritorialization is positive but fails to connect with other lines of flight while the third type, deterritorialization is presented in its absolute form enhances its ability to connect with the lines of flight leadin g to creation of new territories (Swearingen 161). Reterritorialization refers to the violent approach of colonial and imperial propagation of economic, cultural, and social transformation. It refers to the varying forms of reconnection of a deterritorialized element in line with other assemblage. Resistance to deterritorialization through land claim movements would enhance the native land claim process (Young 52). In addition, the government may natives may engage in combinative negotiation with the state which involves repurchase of land which was appropriated to the white settlers during their settlement in respective colonies in the 19th century and which are currently being abandoned as virtually worthless due to reduced productivity. The land can then be apportioned back to the native settlers in a bid to settle the land claims. Conclusion The history of Canada has been characterized by numerous attempts by the native settlers to reclaim their land. According to the land claim s, the land which was originally possessed by the aboriginal people under the Royal proclamation was acquired by immigrants and colonialist consequently marginalizing and rendering the natives landless. The government have sought to settle these claims through treaties most of which have proven unsuccessful in the past, monetary compensation, return of land, provision of certain rights among other strategies. However, most of the native land claims remain unresolved with the negotiation process often resulting in futile outcomes. Failure to resolve the ongoing conflict has resulted to increased attention not only from national and international bodies, but also from scholars and researchers who suggest that the land claims can be resolved through application of post colonial concepts such as reterritorialization and deterritorialization, nomadism, and combinative negotiation. Deterritorialization refers to a process that alters a set of relations consequently resulting in higher lev els of actualization. In cultural context, the concept has been used to refer to removal of people from certain locations due to continuous weakening of their culture and status. Since deterritorialization is often followed by reterritorialization, it can be used to resolve the persistent land claims in Canada. Works Cited Canadian encyclopaedia. â€Å"Land claims.† Historica Dominion, 2011. Web. Planeswalker, Mishra. The evolution of aboriginal land claims and treaties in Canada, Helium Inc, 2010. Web. Simons, Robert. Malmgren, Rachael Small Garrick. Indigenous peoples and real estate valuation, NY: Springer, 2008. Swearingen, James. Extreme beauty: aesthetics, politics, and death, NY: Continuum International Publishing group, 2002. Waldman, Carl. Atlas of North American Indian. New York: InfoBase Publishing, 2007. Young, Robert. Post colonialism: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. This essay on Native Land Claim in Canada was written and submitted by user Britney Jarvis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ife Modakeke Essays

Ife Modakeke Essays Ife Modakeke Essay Ife Modakeke Essay Urban-ethno communal conflict in Africa: Nigeria Abidemi R. Asiyanbola PhD Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria E-mail: [emailprotected] com or [emailprotected] com A paper submitted for presentation at the Union for African Population Studies (UAPS) Fifth African Population Conference, Arusha, Tanzania: December 10 – 14, 2007 2Abstract: Observation from literature shows that the role of ethnicity as a mobilizing agent is among the most important questions of this century as conflicts linked to ethnicity have led to significant loss of life and injuries in many countries, and become major elements in impoverishment, undermining human security and sustainable development. Hitherto, literature on this issue in Africa is relatively weak in terms of systematically providing empirical evidence to substantiate its claims.The paper presents a preliminary report of an empirical study on urban ethno-communal conflict in Nigeria: the case of IfeModakeke. Among the issues examined are the perception of the conflict, how past violence conflict is recollected, and attitude of people towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons, social interaction among the people of the two communities. Also examined is the relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. The data used is from a larger household survey carried out by the author in Ife-Modakeke community.The result of the correlation analysis shows a negative relationship between perception of the conflict and social interaction. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the less is social interaction with the people of the other community. The result also shows a positive relationship between perception of the conflict and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the more their attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Furthermore, the result shows a negative elationship between social interaction and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more there is social interaction among the people of the two communities, the less is the attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This result suggests that policies that encourage social integration, psycho-social healing and psychological transformation could enhance the attainment of sustainable peace among the people of the two communities. Keywords: Ethnicity; Conflict; Sustainable peace; Africa; Nigeria . 0 Introduction Various part of Africa has experienced dangerous scenes of incessant dysfunctional conflicts, which have occurred between communities, ethnic groups and religious groups. Observation from the literature shows that the role of ethnicity as a mobilizing agent is among the most important questions of this century as conflicts linked to ethnicity have 3 led to significant loss of life and injuries in many countries, and become major elements in impoverishment, undermining human security and sustainable development.Ethnicity refers to a group of people with a common socio/cultural identity such as language, common worldview, religion and common cultural traits (Boaten, 2000). Thus ethic groups are social formations distinguished by the communal character (i. e language and culture) of their boundaries (Nnoli, 1980). In other words, ethnic groups represent categories of people characterized by cultural criteria symbols including language, value systems and normative behaviour, and whose members are anchored in a particular part of the new state territory (Otite, 1990).Actually, the word ethnic is derived from the Greek word ethnos which means a group of people who share a common and distinctive culture. In its classical meaning, ethnic relates to a member of a particular ethnos (Imobighe, 2003). Hence ethnicity a ccording to Imobighe should be seen as the feeling of belonging to a distinctive cultural or linguistic group, or a manifestation of ethnic consciousness in relation to other groups. Conflicts arise from the pursuit of divergent interests, goals and aspirations by individuals and or groups in defined social and physical environments (Otite, 1999).As observed in the literature, ethnic conflict derives their rationale and configuration from perceived socio/cultural differences. In fact, Otite (1990) present a picture of ethnicity as the contextual discrimination by members of one group against others on the basis of differentiated system of socio-cultural symbols. He affirms that ethnicity has the properties of common group consciousness and identity and also group exclusiveness on the basis of which social discriminations are made.This in most case as experienced in most African countries and in Nigeria in particular has resulted to violent intractable conflicts. 4 Nigeria is a large multiethnic country where ethnic cleavages remain a critical problem and ethnic violence has erupted periodically. Within the past four decades, Nigeria has experienced dangerous scenes of incessant dysfunctional conflicts, which have occurred between communities, ethnic groups and religious groups.It is note worthy that these conflicts are not confined to any specific geo-political region of the country. The situation has become extremely worrisome since the beginning of the new democratic dispensation that is, Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, which was enthroned on May 29, 1999. Within the first three years of the country’s return to democratic rule, Nigeria had witnessed the outbreak of several violent communal or ethnic conflicts, while some old ones had gained additional potency.Examples of conflicts in Nigeria in recent time include Yoruba-Hausa community in Shagamu, Ogun State; Eleme-Okrika in Rivers State; the intermittent clashes in Kano, Kano State; Zango-Kataf in Kaduna State; TivJukun in Wukari, Taraba State; Ogoni-Adoni in Rivers State; Chamba-Kuteb in Taraba State; Itsekiri-Ijaw/Urhobo in Delta State; Aguleri-Umuleri in Anambra State; Ijaw-Ilaje conflict in Ondo State; Basa-Egbura in Nassarawa State; Hausa/Fulani-Sawaya in Bauchi State; Fulani-Irigwe and Yelwa-Shendam, both in Plateau State; Hausa-Yoruba clashes in Idi-Araba in Lagos State, and Ife-Modakeke in Osun State (Ubi, 2001; Imobighe, 2003; Omotayo, 2005). The oldest intra-ethnic conflict in Nigeria, however, is Ife-Modakeke crisis. It has been going on for more than a century (Aguda, 1994; Albert, 1999; Agbe, 2001; Toriola, 2001). The conflict has become its own raison deter, its own self-empowered, and selffulfilling, as it had since detached from its original cause (Augsburger, 1992; Omotayo, 2005). While the causes of the crisis are many and varied, these causes are cultural 5 identity, economic and politics.These causes have been identified in the literature as important ele ments in ethnic conflicts. Although, there have been various studies on African peace and conflict which have provided novel theoretical perspectives and to a larger degree manages to capture the core issues explaining turmoil and violence in the continent. However, when assessed jointly, the publications are relatively weak in terms of systematically providing empirical evidence to substantiate its claims. The present study intends to contribute along this identified gap. In the paper, I present a preliminary report of an empirical study carried out in 2006 on urban ethno-communal conflict in Nigeria focusing on the case of Ife-Modakeke.Among the research questions which the study addresses are: What is the perception of the conflict? How is past violence conflict recollected? What is the attitude of people towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons? How is inter-personal relationship among the people of the two communities? Is there relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons? The null hypothesis tested in the paper are that there is no significant relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons 6 2. Methodology The data base for the paper is derived from both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data used in the paper is from a larger household survey carried out by the author in Ife and Modakeke communities in 2006. The household survey was implemented using the method of face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire was designed to collect information among others on the perception of the conflict, attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons, recollection of past violence conflict, recollection of past violence conflicts and social interaction indicators, etc In the two communities a total of 390 households wer e interviewed.Exact population figures of the two communities was not known as at the time of the field survey. The result of National Population census conducted in March 2006 was not yet released as at the time of the field survey. Therefore, in Ife community 195 households were interviewed, and in Modakeke community 195 households were interviewed. The choice of the sample size is based on the considerations of many factors including (De Vaus, 1996:73) cost, time, accuracy, and the fact that information relating to ethnocommunal conflict is still very sensitive in the two communities. Comprehensive list of households/dwellings in Ife and Modakeke communities is not available.Therefore, with the aid of an updated map of the two communities, Ife community is divided into 28 localities and Modakeke community is divided into 15 localities after blocking off localities that are badly affected by the conflict. By locality, I mean population clusters grouped together based on the local name of the area and the presence of notable boundaries such as stream or road. All the accessible 15 localities in 7 Modakeke community were selected, while in Ife, table of random number was used to select 15 localities. Thirteen (13) questionnaires each were administered in each of the localities selected. The households were randomly selected.Heads of households who were above 30 years in age and/or the spouse, preferably first wife in a polygamous household were interview. In order to ensure equal representation of women and men in the survey, the interview was conducted in alternate manner as survey proceeds, male/female head of household or wife preferably first wife in a polygamous household. The survey was carried out in July/August, 2006. For some reasons including security and safety, 20 field assistants were employed – 10 field assistants who are familiar with Ife community for Ife community survey, and 10 field assistants who are familiar with Modakeke community for Modakeke community survey. The field assistants are students of Obafemi Awolowo University.Training programme was conducted for these 20 field assistants on 1st July, 2006, at the Department of Geography, Faculty of the Social Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. I also engaged the service of a colleague Lecturer in the Department of Geography at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife in the training programme and the field work. The secondary sources of data that were used include literature – published and unpublished materials, technical reports, and publications. The data collected was analysed using simple frequencies, and percentages. Correlation statistical technique was used to test the stated hypothesis. 8 3. 0 Ife-Modakeke crisis – a brief account Ife-Modakeke, is situated in Osun State in the South – West Zone of Nigeria.The south –West Zone is made up of six States, namely, Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun Ondo ,Osun and Oyo States. The Zone is t raditionally inhabited by one of Nigeria’s three largest ethnic groups, the Yoruba. Historical accounts have it that Ifes and Modakekes are sons and daughters of the same parents. As Yorubas, their ancestry is traced to Oduduwa the progenitor of Yoruba race. It was the collapse Old Oyo Empire in the 19th century which caused a flood of refugees down south. Most of these refugees headed towards Ile-Ife. They must have been attracted to Ile-Ife by the historic image of the city as the aboriginal home of the Yoruba people [Orisun Yoruba] (Albert, 1999:143).The Ooni gladly welcomed the refugees as they relocated to Ile-Ife (Akinjogbin, 1992) and subsequently formed a community known today as Modakeke on a separate settlement created for them. The relationship between the Ifes and these Oyo refugees was very cordial at the initial stage. The Ooni and his Chiefs found them and their Oyo kinsmen. Back home, to be good allies in moments of warfare and good hands in farm work. The Oyo s provided military support to the Ifes during the Owu War of 1825 and various Ijesha invasions. This encouraged Ife Chiefs to throw their doors open to more Oyo refugees as they came in greater numbers. Land was given to them and several of them worked for Ife farmers. The first Ife-Modakeke crisis occurred in 1835 to 1849 (Albert, 1999; Oladoyin, 2001).This marked the beginning of an age-long communal violence between the Modakeke and the aboriginal communities in Ile-Ife. 9 Historical account of the first and origin of Ife-Modakeke crisis as stated by Albert, (1999:144-145) is that an Ife Chief, Okunade, the Maye, who was the leader of the Yoruba warriors that settled in Ibadan in the early nineteenth century; though a brave warrior, was an autocrat. He wielded so much influence in Ibadan politics that the Ifes started to see Ibadan as an extension town. In 1835, Okunade’s autocracy was challenged by some Oyo citizens in Ibadan; he was consequently expelled from the town. He attempted to recapture the city during the Gbanamu battle. He was killed and he Oyos thus took over the political leadership of Ibadan to the utter exclusion of their Ife allies. The Ifes responded by venting their anger on the Oyo refugees in their town (Akitoye 1970; Ajayi and Akintoye 1980). The refugees therefore were getting ill-treated and were sold into slavery. Around this same 1835 when the Ife hostility commenced against the Oyo refugees in their midst, rumours were circulating that the Fulani jihadists were preparing to invade some parts of Yorubaland from their Ilorin base. The surrounding Ife territories of Ikire, Iwata, Gbongan, Ipetumodu and Origbo became evacuated and the refugees came to settle in Ile-Ife. But the attitude of the Ifes to strangers had changed.Ooni Abeweila, who ascended the throne in 1839, had to send some of the refugees back to Ipetumodu, Gbongan and Ikire in 1847 following the defeat of the Fulani invaders at Osogbo in 1840. By the same year, the Ooni created a separate settlement from those Oyo refugees who had no home to rerun to. The settlement was named Modakeke after the cry of a nest of storks on a large tree near the site. The leader of the Oyo refugees was given the title Ogunsua (Johnson 1973; Akinjogbin 1992). To date, there had been seven major wars – 1835-1849, 1882-1909, 1946-1949, 1981, 1983, 1997-1998 and 2000. The conflict is depicted as a conflict between the Ife 10 â€Å"landlords† and the Modakeke â€Å"strangers/tenants†. The recent crisis has caused over 2000 deaths and several more injuries.Several hundreds of people were shot, slaughtered or lynched; several houses and properties were destroyed. Various studies have examined Ife-Modakeke crisis. Such studies include Albert (1999), Aguda, (2001); Oladoyin (2001), Agbe (2001), Toriola (2001), and Babajimi (2003). These studies have examined the history, causes and consequences of Ife-Modakeke crisis. The causes of the conflicts b etween Ifes and Modakekes are many and varied and are partly economic and party political and identity issues revolving around landownership issues, payment of land rent (Isakole), status of Modakeke community, local government creation and location of local government headquarters.In addition, the crisis, since the post-colonial period, has been a veritable weapon in the hands of those interested in creating political tensions in Yoruba land. 4. 0 Perception of the conflict In the survey various questions relating to perception of the conflicts were asked. Table 1 below shows the indicators of perception of the conflict which are asked in the questionnaire form administered. 11 Table 1: Indicators of perception of the conflict S/N Perception of the conflict 1 2 3 4 If ever heard of any conflict between the two communities Number of crisis aware of If think that the conflict is resolved If still expect crisis again between the two communitiesThe result of the frequency analysis is s hown in Table 2. The Table shows that majority of the respondents (97. 4%) have heard of the crisis between Ife and Modakeke community. Also, most of the respondents (58. 2%) are aware of 3-4 numbers of IfeModakeke crises, followed by 30. 0% who said that they are aware of 1-2 numbers of IfeModakeke crisis, and 8. 5% who said that they are aware of 5-6 numbers of Ife-Modakeke crisis. Thus, about 96. 7% of the respondents are aware of between 1-6 numbers of IfeModakeke crises. In response to the question as to if think that the conflict is resolved, and if still expect crisis again between the two communities; 34. % said that the conflict is not resolved, while 22. 1% said that they still expect crisis again between the two communities. 12 Table 2: Perception of the conflict S/N Perception of the Response conflict Ife % (n = Modakeke 195) % 195) (n Total % (n = = 390) 1 If ever heard of any conflict between the two communities Number of crisis aware of Yes No 1-2 3-4 5-6 gt;6 98. 5 1 . 5 28. 2 62. 1 5. 1 3. 1 57. 9 37. 9 30. 3 68. 2 96. 4 3. 6 29. 8 54. 4 11. 8 0. 0 66. 7 30. 8 13. 9 81. 0 97. 4 2. 6 30. 0 58. 2 8. 5 1. 5 62. 3 34. 4 22. 1 74. 6 2 3 If think that the conflict is resolved Yes No 4 If still expect crisis again between the two communities Yes No Field survey, 2006 5. Attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons In the survey various questions relating to attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons were asked. Table 3 shows indicators attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons which are asked in the questionnaire form administered. 13 Table 3: Attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons S/N Attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons 1 If opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons 2 If would encourage others to carry weapons and fight 3 If think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction 4 If think that violent fighting between the two community is necessary 5 If making inancial contribution to the community 6 If the respondent encouraged their children to make financial contribution to the community 7 If the respondent encouraged their spouse to make financial contribution to the community 8 If the respondent encouraged their relative to make financial contribution to the community 9 If the respondent encouraged women to make financial contribution to the community 10 If attend community meetings 11 If respondent encouraged their spouse to attend community meetings 12 If respondent encouraged their children to attend community meetings 13 If respondent encouraged their female children to attend community meetings 14 If respondent encouraged other women to attend community meetings The result of the frequency analysis is shown in Table 4. The Table shows that 36. 7% of the respondents said that they are not opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons, 12. 3% said that they would encourage others to carry weapons and fight, 9. % said that they think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction, while 11. 8% said that they think that violent fighting between the two community is necessary. In the two communities, organized violence is usually planned through community group meetings. Those who have flare for violence/conflicts/use of weapons will not miss community group meetings and will also make contributions to the community. Thus community group meetings attendance and making contributions to the community is used as an indicator of attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Therefore, questions relating to community group meetings attendance and making contributions to 4 the community are asked in the questionnaire. Most of the respondents (51. 5%) said that they make financial contributions to the community, 28. 7%, 39. 7%, 45. 1%, and 46. 9% said that they encouraged their children, spouse, relatives and others to make financial contribution to the community. Also, most of the respondents (53. 8%) said that they a ttend community meetings, 48. 5%, 33. 1%, 28. 5%, and 46. 7% said that they encourage their spouse, children, female children, and others to attend community meetings. Table 4: Attitudes towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons S/N Attitude towards Response Ife % (n Modakeke Total % (n violence/conflict/use of eapons = 195) % (n = = 390) 195) 1 If opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons Yes No 2 If would encourage others to carry weapons and fight Yes No 3 If think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction Yes No 64. 1 35. 4 8. 7 90. 8 6. 2 92. 9 8. 8 89. 8 46. 7 51. 8 26. 2 69. 7 60. 6 37. 9 16. 9 81. 1 12. 3 86. 2 14. 9 82. 1 56. 4 43. 7 31. 3 57. 5 62. 3 36. 7 12. 3 85. 9 9. 2 89. 5 11. 8 85. 9 51. 5 47. 7 28. 7 63. 6 4 If think that violent fighting Yes between the two community is necessary No If making financial contribution to the community Yes No 5 6 If the respondent Yes encouraged their children to make financial contribution No to the community 5 7 If the respondent encouraged their spouse to make financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their relative to make financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged women to make financial contribution to the community If attend community meetings Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 11 If respondent encouraged their spouse to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their female children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged other women to attend community meetings Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No 37. 5 56. 5 42. 1 54. 9 42. 6 57. 4 54. 9 45. 1 47. 7 52. 3 28. 7 71. 27. 2 72. 8 40. 5 59. 5 42. 0 46. 7 48. 2 51. 8 51. 3 48. 7 52. 8 47. 2 49. 2 50. 8 37. 4 62. 6 29. 7 70. 3 52. 8 47. 2 39. 7 51. 5 45. 1 53. 3 46. 9 53. 1 53. 8 45. 4 48. 5 42. 3 33. 1 66. 9 28. 5 71. 5 46. 7 51. 8 8 9 10 12 13 14 Field survey, 2006 6. 0 Social interaction among the people o f the two communities This section examines social interaction among the people in the two communities as a reflection of social integration in the study area. The indicator of social interaction among the people in the two communities is the views of the people about inter-marriage among the people in the two communities. In the survey, various questions 6 relating to the views of the people about inter-marriage among the people in the two communities were asked. This is shown in Box 1. Box 1: Showing various questions relating to social interaction among the two communities that were asked 1. Do people in this community marry from Ife/Modakeke community? 2. How do you see women from Ife/Modakeke that is married to the people of this community? 3. Can you encourage your children to marry from Ife/Modakeke community? 4. Can you encourage your relations to marry from Ife/Modakeke community? 5. Can you as a person marry Ife/Modakeke person? 6. How do you see the children of the women from Ife/Modakeke that are married to the people of this community?The result of the frequency analysis is shown in Table 5. Majority of the respondents (92. 3%) said that there is inter-marriages among the people in the two communities. While 63. 3% sees women that are married to the other community as kinsmen, 2. 1% sees them as strangers, 12. 6% sees them as enemy and 12. 6% are indifferent. Also, while 63. 8% said that they can encourage their children to marry from the other community, 36. 2% said that they cannot encourage their children to marry from the other community. The result of the analysis also shows that 62. 8% said that they can encourage their relations to marry from the other community, while 34. % said that they cannot encourage their relations to marry from the other community. As a person, 54. 4% of the respondents said that they can marry from the other community, while 40. 3% said that they cannot marry from the other community. The result further reveals tha t children of women married to the people of the other community are seen as kinsmen (60. 0%), strangers (3. 3%), enemy (13. 6%), while 21. 3% of the respondents said that they are indifferent. This result suggest that women that are married to the other community and 17 particularly their children have identity crisis in the sense that some sees them as strangers and enemy, although quiet a percentage of the respondents sees them as kinsmen.Table 5: Showing the response to the questions on social interaction among the two communities that were asked S/N Questions Response Ife % Modakeke Total (n 195) 1 = % (n = % (n = 195) 96. 4 3. 1 390) 92. 8 7. 0 Do people in this community marry from Ife/Modakeke community? Yes No 89. 2 10. 8 2 How do you see women from Ife/Modakeke that is married to the people of this community? (1) Kinsmen (2) Stranger (3) Enemy (4) Indifferent 56. 4 3. 1 17. 4 22. 6 53. 8 46. 2 70. 3 1. 0 7. 7 20. 5 73. 8 26. 2 63. 3 2. 1 12. 6 21. 5 63. 8 36. 2 3 Can you e ncourage your children to marry from Ife/Modakeke community? Yes No 4 Can you to encourage marry your Yes from No 51. 8 44. 1 73. 8 24. 6 62. 8 34. 4 relations Ife/Modakeke community 5Can you as a person marry Ife/Modakeke person? Yes No 46. 2 47. 7 55. 4 62. 6 32. 8 64. 6 54. 4 40. 3 60. 0 6 How do you see the children of the women from Ife/Modakeke (1) Kinsmen 18 that are married to the people of this community? (2) Stranger (3) Enemy (4) Indifferent Field survey, 2006 4. 1 16. 9 21. 5 2. 6 10. 3 21. 0 3. 3 13. 6 21. 3 6. 0 Recollection of past violence conflict In the survey, various questions relating to the recollection of past violence were asked. These are shown in Box 2. Box 2: Showing various questions relating to the recollection of past violence that were asked 1. Did you witness any of the Ife/Modakeke violent conflict? 2.If yes, how many? 3. Where were you, your spouse and your family during the recent violent crisis? 4. When did you first hear the story of Ife/Modakeke crisis? 5. Did your parents ever tell you the story of Ife/Modakeke conflict? 6. If yes, which of them told you? 7. If both, which of them first told you? 8. When did you hear the story from your parent? 9. Have you also told/related the story to your children? 10. If yes, when did you first tell your children? The result of the frequency analysis is shown in Table 6. The Table shows that majority of the respondents (90. 3%) witnessed Ife-Modakeke violent conflict. Majority of the respondents (86. %) witnessed between one to four Ife-Modakeke violent conflicts. Also, majority of the respondents (85. 6%), including majority of their spouses (69. 7%) 19 and their families (77. 4%) are living within the community of residence, that is, Ife community or Modakeke community during the recent violent conflit in Ife-Modakeke. Most of the respondents said that they first had the story of Ife-Modakeke crisis during their childhood age period (38. 7%), followed by those who said that they fir st heard during their adolescent age period (22. 1%) and those who said that they first heard during youthful age period (18. 7%). This result shows that majority (79. 5%) have heard the story before their adulthood age.This implies that before the adulthood age period majority of the people are already conscious of the relationship of similarity and dissimilarity/crisis between the two communities. Most of the respondents (58. 5%) said that their parent told them the story of Ife-Modakeke crisis. While 32. 6% said that both parents told them, 14. 6% and 11. 3% said that their father and mother respectively told them. However, 23. 6% of the respondents said that their father told them first while 9. 0% said that their mother first told them. Most (55. 6%) said that they heard the story from their parents before their adulthood age that is during their childhood age period (29. 5%), during their adolescent age period (18. 2%), and during youthful age period (7. 9%). Most of the resp ondents (47. %) said that they have also related the story to their children. Most of the respondents told the story to their children during childhood age period (28. 7%), followed by those who told their children during their adolescent age period (12. 3%), and during youthful age period (4. 9%). 20 Table 6: Showing the response to the questions on the recollection of past violence that were asked S/N Questions Response Ife % (n Modakeke Total % (n = 195) % (n = = 390) 195) 1 Did you witness Yes 90. 8 89. 7 90. 3 any of the No 9. 2 10. 3 9. 7 Ife/Modakeke violent conflict? 2 If yes, how many? 1 2 3 4 5 gt;5 1. Within the community of residence 2. Neighboring rural areas to the community within the state 3.Neighboring community within the state 4. Outside the state 1. Within the community of residence 2. Neighboring rural areas to the community within the state 3. Neighboring community within the state 4. Outside the state 1. Within the community of residence 2. Neighboring rural a reas to the community within the state 3. Neighboring 13. 8 22. 1 27. 3 24. 6 3. 1 0. 0 9. 2 19. 5 23. 1 33. 3 4. 1 0. 5 11. 5 20. 8 25. 1 29. 0 3. 6 0. 3 3A Where were you during the recent violent crisis? 88. 7 82. 6 85. 6 2. 1 2. 6 5. 1 2. 6 4. 6 7. 7 2. 3 3. 6 6. 4 3B Where was your spouse during the recent violent crisis? 73. 8 65. 6 69. 7 5. 6 2. 6 6. 7 3. 1 5. 6 7. 2 4. 4 4. 1 6. 3C Where were your family during the recent violent crisis? 82. 1 72. 8 77. 4 2. 6 2. 6 2. 6 21 community within the state 4 When did you first hear the story of Ife/Modakeke crisis? 4. Outside the state 1. During childhood age period 2. During adolescent age period 3. During youthful age period 4. During adulthood age period Yes No 5. 6 4. 1 34. 9 21. 5 21. 5 22. 1 52. 3 47. 7 6. 7 8. 7 42. 6 22. 6 15. 9 19. 0 64. 6 35. 4 6. 4 7. 4 38. 7 22. 1 18. 7 2. 5 58. 5 37. 7 5 Did your parents ever tell you the story of Ife/Modakeke conflict? 6 7 If yes, which of Father them told you? Mother Both If both, wh ich of Father them first told Mother you?When did you hear the story from your parent? 1. During childhood age period 2. During adolescent age period 3. During youthful age period 4. During adulthood age period Have you also Yes told/related the No story to your children? If yes, when did you first tell your children? 1. During childhood age period 2. During adolescent age period 3. During youthful age period 4. During adulthood age period 14. 9 15. 9 21. 5 15. 4 6. 2 14. 4 6. 7 43. 6 31. 8 11. 8 14. 6 11. 3 32. 6 23. 6 9. 0 8 26. 2 16. 4 5. 1 2. 6 44. 6 55. 4 32. 8 20. 0 10. 8 3. 1 49. 7 50. 3 29. 5 18. 2 7. 9 2. 8 47. 2 52. 6 9 10 26. 2 10. 8 5. 6 1. 5 31. 3 13. 8 4. 1 1. 0 28. 7 12. 3 4. 9 1. 3 Field survey, 2006 22 7. Test of hypothesis The null hypothesis tested is that there is no significant relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Tables 7 – 9 sh ows the definition of variables used to measure perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Table 7: Measure of perception of the conflict S/N 1 2 3 4 Perception of the conflict If ever heard of any conflict between the two communities Number of crisis aware of If think that the conflict is resolved If still expect crisis again between the two communities How measured 1 if yes, 0 otherwise Total in numbers 1 if No, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwiseTable 8: How social interaction indicators are measured Social interaction indicators How measured If people in this community marry from 1 if yes, 0 otherwise Ife/Modakeke community The way women from Ife/Modakeke that are married to the people of this 1 if they are seen as kinsmen, 0 otherwise community are seen If you encourage your children to marry 1 if yes, 0 otherwise from Ife/Modakeke community If you encourage your relations to 1 if yes, 0 otherwise marry from Ife/Modakeke community If you as a person marry Ife/Modakeke 1 if yes, 0 otherwise person The way children of the women from Ife/Modakeke that are married to the 1 if they are seen as kinsmen, 0 otherwise people of this community are seen 23 Table 9: Measure of attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons S/N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Attitude towards violence/conflict/use of weapons If opposed to the idea of people carrying weapons If would encourage others to carry weapons and fight If think that violence is the best way of expressing dissatisfaction If think that violent fighting between the two community is necessary If making financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their children to make financial contribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their spouse to make financial ontribution to the community If the respondent encouraged their relative to make financial contribution to the community If t he respondent encouraged women to make financial contribution to the community If attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their spouse to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged their female children to attend community meetings If respondent encouraged other women to attend community meetings How measured 1 if No, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwise 1 if yes, 0 otherwiseThe result of the correlation analysis between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons is shown in Table 10. From the Table, the result of the correlation analysis shows a negative relation ship between perception of the conflict and social interaction. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the less is social interaction with the people of the other community. The result also shows a positive relationship between perception of the conflict and attitude towards 24 violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the more their attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons.Furthermore, the result shows a negative relationship between social interaction and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more there is social interaction among the people of the two communities, the less is the attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Table 10: Result of the correlation analysis between perception of the conflict; social interaction among the people of the two communities; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons Community Variable Perception Social Attitude towards of the interaction violence/conflicts/use conflict of weapons ‘r’ ‘r’ ‘r’ Ife (Pearson Perception of the 1. 00 correlation) conflict (n = 195) Social interaction -. 068 1. 00 Attitude towards . 128 -. 006 1. 0 violence/conflicts/use of weapons Modakeke Perception of the 1. 00 (Pearson conflict correlation) Social interaction -. 118 1. 00 (n = 195) Attitude towards . 198** -. 211** 1. 00 violence/conflicts/use of weapons Ife/Modakeke Perception of the 1. 00 (Pearson conflict correlation) Social interaction -. 107* 1. 00 (n = 390) Attitude towards . 152** -. 082 1. 00 violence/conflicts/use of weapons 25 Ife/Modakeke (Spearman Rank correlation) (n = 390) Perception of the conflict Social interaction Attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons 1. 00 -. 133** . 172** 1. 00 -. 091 1. 00 *Significant at p lt; . 05 **Significant at p lt; . 01 8. Summary, policy implication and conclusion The paper present a preliminary report of an emp irical study carried out in 2006 on urban ethno-communal conflict in Nigeria: the case of Ife-Modakeke. Among the issues examined are the perception of the conflict, how past violence conflict is recollected, and attitude of people towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons, social interaction among the people of the two communities. Also examined is the relationship between perception of the conflict; social interaction; and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. The result of the correlation analysis shows a negative relationship between perception of the conflict and social interaction. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the less is social interaction with the people of the other community.The result also shows a positive relationship between perception of the conflict and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the more people perceive the conflict, the more their attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. Furthermore, the result shows a negative relationship between social interaction and attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This implies that the 26 more there is social interaction among the people of the two communities, the less is the attitude towards violence/conflicts/use of weapons. This result suggests that policies that encourage social integration could enhance the attainment of sustainable peace among the people of the two communities.Towards this end, there is the need for the promotion of the following policies in the study area: (i) promotion of psycho-social work which aims at both psycho-social healing and psychological transformation towards peaceful co-existence in the two communities; (ii) promotion of peace education in school and the society that target both female and male of all age groups; (iii) promotion of non-violence means in the settling of land dispute issues; (iv) promotion of reconciliation of the Ifes and the Modakekes and trust building in the two communities; and, (v) encouragement of inter-marriage and cultural reintegration of the two communities.

Employment of Forensic Science Examinations within the U.S. Military Dissertation

Employment of Forensic Science Examinations within the U.S. Military - Dissertation Example It is also very light and easy reading and does not make use of technical terms to express its important elements and details. The disadvantages of this article are that firstly, it is not an academic paper hence its sources are not cited and supported. Secondly, most of its data do not come from primary evidence as most of them come from second-hand data secured from other authors and other studies. Nevertheless, this study establishes a clear picture of the value and importance of DNA and forensic evidence in the criminal justice system within and outside the military system. In a paper by the Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community (2009), the committee carried out a study on the strengthening of forensic science in the United States. The study discussed the different recommendations of a Senate Report on assessment of forensic science needs of state, and local authorities; on the maximal use of the resources for forensic sciences; identification of p otential forensic advancements; on the recommendations of programs to increase qualified forensic sciences; and on the assessment of the role of the forensic community in homeland security. This study also identified issues on limited resources in the application and the use of forensic science. These issues also include the transition of forensic science into the process of litigation which may sometimes translate to gaps in its application. The study makes different recommendations which include the increase of funding and allocation in forensic science, the use of standard terminology in the reporting of forensic examinations, research on validity and reliability of forensic science, studies on the improvement of the... This study is advantageous because it specifies the different issues which forensic science is facing, and these issues are well-supported by evidence. Proper sources are provided by the committee and are used as basis for the review and assessment of the forensic science and its applications in the actual practice. The issues are also clearly defined by the committee and the causes as well as the possible recommended solutions to each issue are also clearly presented by the committee. Recommendations in relation to homeland security are also established by the committee, and this is based on the specifications of the Senate report. This report is also an academic and scholarly paper because the details it includes and discusses are well supported by verifiable and reliable evidence. Although it is a report supported by the government, there is no sign of bias or falsehood in its content. This report is disadvantageous in the sense that it does not provide sufficient data and support on the current applications of forensic science in the military. Although it provides a discussion on forensic science in terms of the Department of Homeland Security, it does not provide a picture of how forensic science can be applied in the military in their criminal investigations. There is a need therefore for future studies of this committee to consider the actual applications of forensic science in the military and to review how well they blend in into the system and how well they assist personnel in the application of the criminal justice system.